Free-for-all

The medieval era lasts about 1,000 years. During this period, there are 1,200 separate battles, involving people in every region of Europe and Asia. The pace of warfare starts slowly, then gradually picks up steam.

By the 1500s, the wars are overlapping. Norsemen are still pushing south, while Turks and Russians threaten from the East. Meanwhile, the English, French and Germans are busy fighting it out in the middle.

One series of conflicts which stands out is known as the Crusades. This is a long succession of Christian invasions of Muslim-held land in the Middle East, and marks the start of a long period of fundamentally religious conflict.
Medieval wars and conflicts. 1500

  Battlefield Europe
The Old World is a festering mess of conflicting ethnic groups, without permanent armies. Instead, kings and noblemen form temporary alliances, and raise private armies to achieve their purposes. Some are driven by the desire to exercise control over expanded territory, which will increase the tax base and support lavish spending habits. Others are just fueled by ambition.

Wars and battles, 900-1100 map

  Constantinople Under Pressure
As rivalries in Northern Europe continue, the pressure on Constantinople increases. Muslims to the south are presenting an increasing threat. When the Muslims take control of Jerusalem, the Pope calls on all of Christendom to mount a campaign to regain control of the so-called Holy Land, which is modern Israel. Prominent European kings respond to the call, launching a rescue mission which becomes the first 'Crusade.' The purpose is to expel Muslims from the Middle East.


Conflict summary, 700-1500 map

  Ready for Columbus
This map summarizes warfare during the entire medieval era, from 700 to 1500, showing battles in virtually every region. Boundary disputes often escalate into a generalized battle for economic supremacy. It becomes increasingly apparent that wealth is directly tied to shipping and trade. Everyone wants a piece of the action. This is the chaotic world that Christopher Columbus is born into. Sailing for wealthy Italian shipping families, he gains experience and confidence in long-distance exploration.